Sulla morale sessuale nella chiesa cattolica
Articolo del teologo Enrico Chiavacci* pubblicato sulla Rivista di teologia morale, n.161 del gennaio 2009, pp.53-68
Sono spinto ad affrontare questo tema, in forma estremamente sintetica, da un bell’articolo di K. Hilpert apparso su Herder Korrespondenz (1) sulla sessualità vissuta responsabilmente. Ho affrontato il tema diverse volte e in diverse sedi. Oggi, nel 40° dell’enciclica Humanae Vitae, il dibattito e la rigidità di talune posizioni magisteriali stanno riapparendo su innumerevoli riviste. Ma è ormai tempo per una più profonda e seria riflessione: una riflessione che prenda atto delle origini e delle ragioni della dottrina morale recepita, ponendole a confronto con le trasformazioni profonde dell’esperienza umana in materia, tutte avvenute tra il XIX e il XX secolo e tuttora in crisi di crescenza. È ormai tempo che la teologia morale offra un cammino sistematico profondamente innovativo, alla luce del Vangelo e di questa relativamente recente esperienza umana.
Da dove veniamo
Le prime elaborazioni dell’epoca dei Padri si basano sulla base filosofica dell’interpretazione della natura derivante da Platone o da Aristotele. Si noti anche che, fino al XIX secolo, non esiste né l’idea né il termine astratto ‘sessualità’: esistono solo comportamenti singoli legati alla sfera sessuale ciascuno con la sua propria valutazione morale.
Ne vedremo in seguito l’importanza. Per Agostino l’attività sessuale, letta come impulso corporeo, è sempre – in una visione più o meno platonica – cosa negativa. Solo l’obbedire all’ordine di moltiplicarsi può legittimarla. Il rapporto sessuale fra coniugi non deve avvenire per piacere, ma esclusivamente per la procreazione, eventualmente con piacere: la ricerca della soddisfazione sessuale fuori dall’intenzione procreativa è peccaminosa (2).
Così gli sposi che rifiutano la prole e si uniscono nei tempi allora considerati infecondi (le mestruazioni) trasformano il matrimonio in un lupanare. In una visione aristotelica (che poi resterà dominante) invece l’uomo è un animale razionale, e deve imparare dagli animali a compiere per convinzione razionale quello che gli animali compiono per istinto (id quod natura omnia animalia docuit): lo scopo di ogni attività sessuale deve essere legato alla possibilità procreativa, anche se non direttamente intesa.
Il peccato contro natura è descritto nelle sue varie modalità da San Pier Damiani nell’XI secolo, in un libello indirizzato al papa Leone IX – il Liber gomorrhianus – contro i costumi sessuali del clero, lodato e approvato dal papa (3).
Il vizio contro natura è specificato in quattro punti: “Alii siquidem secus (masturbazione solitaria), alii in aliorum manibus, alii inter femora (vel crura) (si ha qui il rapporto omosessuale), alii denique consumato actu contra naturam delinquunt (rapporto ‘in vase indebito’, cioè penetrazione anale che è peccato anche fra coniugi).
Tale opinione, basata sulla legge naturale, passerà quasi invariata in S. Alfonso e rimarrà dominante nella morale cristiana fino ai nostri giorni, e nella cultura occidentale fino al XIX secolo. Il Codice di diritto canonico del 1917, in vigore fino al 1983, definisce il patto matrimoniale come jus ad actus per se aptos ad prolis generationem (can. 1081).
Parallela a questi schemi permane l’idea della ‘purità’ (purezza esteriore, non adeguatamente distinguibile dal nostro concetto generico di pulizia, come l’evitare qualcosa di ‘sudicio’: recenti autori tedeschi usano l’unico termine polivalente Reinheit) (4) tipica di tutta la tradizione ebraica nel senso di purità cultuale esteriore: una tradizione che Gesù ha ripetutamente rifiutato, ma che è rimasta nella sfera sessuale cristiana e occidentale fin quasi ai nostri giorni.
Lo stato di perfezione verginale (o comunque di assoluta castità monastica) è stato sempre considerato via di perfezione superiore a quello coniugale fino ad alcune aperture di Pio XII (ma ancora vivo in gran parte della mentalità popolare). Maria è sempre stata esaltata come vergine purissima e non – come nel Vangelo – come vergine per esprimere la diretta divina paternità del Figlio suo: almeno non solo, e spesso neppure in primo luogo, per questo. Emissioni corporee comunque legate al sesso rendono in qualche modo ‘impuri’ (5).
Così, prima che fosse diffuso il celibato dei preti, sembra fosse raccomandato ai preti uxorati di non celebrare la Messa senza prima essersi astenuti per qualche giorno dai pur legittimi rapporti con la moglie; è comunque ampiamente documentato, dal IV-V secolo, che l’uomo sposato ammesso al presbiterato doveva astenersi dal rapporto coniugale e mantenere la vita familiare considerando e amando la moglie come una sorella (6).
Così fin quasi ai giorni nostri la donna che aveva partorito non era conveniente che entrasse in chiesa senza una previa benedizione ‘mulieris post partum’ , prevista dal Rituale e detta in Italia popolarmente ‘rientrare in santo’: io stesso, parroco di una parrocchia contadina, ho celebrato il breve rito negli anni ’60, ed era costume che la donna entrasse in chiesa coperta dalla stola del celebrante; ho faticato per far capire che il parto era già di suo una benedizione che non richiedeva ulteriori purificazioni.
Il che dimostra come essere molto anziano per un teologo moralista, in cura d’anime da 58 anni, può essere un vantaggio invece che il peso di una tradizione recepita e mantenuta passivamente. Vedremo in seguito come questa ‘purità’ tutta esteriore sia oggi ripresa in forma totalmente laica: uno strano ma insopprimibile riemergere.
Va anche considerata, entro lo schema tradizionale, la funzione della donna in materia di sesso (e quindi di conseguenza la condizione globale della sposa). La vita nuova è vista tutta nel seme maschile: la donna deve limitarsi ad accogliere il seme per farlo sviluppare fino al parto. La scoperta scientifica della funzione attiva dell’ovulo risale solo alla fine del XVIII secolo, ma compresa e sviluppata solo verso la fine del XIX con la combinazione dei cromosomi.
Il DNA e la complessità della combinazione genetica è studiato solo dopo il 1950, ed è tuttora ai suoi primi passi. Nel rapporto sessuale la funzione della donna è sostanzialmente passiva: l’eccitazione è necessaria solo nell’uomo, e la donna ha il dovere di subire l’aggressione maritale. Rousseaux, nell’ultima parte dell’ ‘Emilio’ (1762) – la quinta, dedicata alla futura ipotetica sposa Sophie – raccomanda a Sofia di non opporre resistenza, o almeno il minimo possibile, alle future aggressioni del marito.
L’eccitazione sessuale della moglie non è ben vista: io credo che fosse tollerata, non peccaminosa, solo per facilitare l’ingresso del marito. Io ho memoria dei cauti accenni di mia nonna e anche di mia madre sulla loro condizione; e nel 1949 nei corsi di morale matrimoniale mi veniva insegnato che il marito può sempre chiedere il debito coniugale, ma non è conveniente che sia la moglie a chiederlo; mi si insegnava anche che la posizione naturale – e perciò non peccaminosa – era quella dell’uomo sopra la donna: altre posizioni non eccedevano il peccato veniale, salvo casi di necessità (7).
Si apre qui la questione dell’amore. Impossibile per me, qui, studiare le valenze semantiche e umane del termine nell’area culturale occidentale, quali sviluppatesi nel corso di oltre un millennio. Possiamo distinguere fra amore come attenzione, cura, servizio all’altro: frutto di un atto di volontà come è l’amore del prossimo insegnato dal Vangelo, e amore come intesa e attrazione specifica fra due persone (di norma maschio e femmina) con una componente sessuale.
Quello che importa comprendere è che per la Chiesa e per la cultura occidentale (e molto più in altre aree culturali) l’amore come intesa e attrazione reciproca non è richiesto per il matrimonio. In genere il matrimonio è combinato dai genitori (o da altre simili autorità), spesso fin dall’infanzia. Nelle famiglie signorili per motivi di lignaggio o di classe sociale, in quelle contadine per lo più per motivi ‘poderali’. Ciò in genere fino al XIX secolo, ma anche oltre.
Nel 1954 Carlo Carretto, un dirigente dell’Azione Cattolica, pubblicò il libro ‘Famiglia, piccola chiesa’, che suscitò scalpore e duro rigetto nella Chiesa italiana, e lui fu prontamente rimosso dal suo incarico.
Nel XIX secolo l’amore ‘romantico’ divenne la normalità nella narrativa occidentale, ma molto spesso come fatale passione extraconiugale in gran parte dei casi (si pensi a Anna Karenina e alla freddezza del marito; a Lucia di Lammermoor e al matrimonio imposto dalla famiglia; a Violetta Valery, la Traviata, e l’amore socialmente insostenibile).
Era in realtà un mistero, e in qualche modo lo è ancora e lo sarà sempre: nei secoli scorsi si è misticizzato l’amore, in specie per la donna (negli Autori tedeschi Mystifizierung qui non indica ‘mistificazione’ ma ‘misticizzazione’).
La perfezione dell’amore ‘romantico’ (misticizzato) era già vista da secoli per la donna nella consacrazione verginale delle suore, che divenivano ‘spose di Cristo’.
È difficile escludere, almeno per alcuni rari casi, una inconscia componente sessuale: ma è un tema che qui non posso discutere (9). Ma anche per la sposa cristiana valeva il detto ‘non per il piacer mio, ma per dar figli a Dio’, ricamato sulla camicia da notte o sul lenzuolo nuziale.
Dove andare?
Il punto veramente importante per l’oggi della riflessione morale (cristiana e non) è a mio vedere un altro. Nel corso del XIX secolo due concezioni nuove sono emerse, parallelamente e profondamente innovative rispetto all’impianto di base di tutta la riflessione morale cristiana precedente. Primo: l’essere umano non può prendere coscienza e conoscenza di se stesso se non in relazione all’altro.
Fin dal seno materno, e poi specialmente nell’infanzia, l’essere umano (come molte altre specie viventi) riceve passivamente memorie – suoni, gesti, linguaggi etc. – che restano spesso allo stato inconscio ma che influiscono sulle sue future scelte e in generale sulla comprensione di sé.
Si pensi alla fenomenologia di Husserl e al tema decisivo della coscienza intenzionale, e al conseguente dramma di Sartre sul rapporto-dilemma fra io e non-io. Ma già Feuerbach diceva: ‘Io non posso comprendermi se non specchiandomi nei tuoi occhi’, frase citata da H. De Lubac nel ‘Dramma dell’umanesimo ateo’.
Secondo: la relazione con l’altro è sempre ‘sessuata’, e quindi il sesso – e in genere la vita e la morale sessuale – non è più pensabile solo come una serie di singoli comportamenti, ma primariamente come una capacità di relazione di una ‘persona’ con un’altra. L’attrazione amorosa, sempre misteriosa, di una persona verso un’altra (si pensi all’influsso inevitabilmente inconscio e impercepibile dei feromoni) chiama in gioco la persona nella sua interezza.
It is significant, and should make the moralist theologians think more, that the abstract term 'sexuality' is recorded in the great Merriam-Webster dictionary as appeared around 1800 (and 'Homosexuality' only at the end of the century, 1892) (10).
But moreover, in the Catholic world only in the twentieth century groups or centers of marital spirituality arose that somehow took into account this variation (in Italy, if I remember well, the work of royalty was active) even without analyzing its causes or the same theoretical novelty.
It is useless to remember the great importance that Freud had in this, and not only in the conception of sexuality, but also and above all in the conception of the uniqueness of the human personality in his relating to the other.
Today many important, and more recent, scholars of moral theology at the End 'sexuality' prefer the Term 'relationship': today sexual morality can only be conceived within a 'moral Of the relationship'.
I believe that now an abstract legislation of individual behaviors of individuals, valid for everyone and forever, is inadequate to understand the meaning that a certain behavior can assume within the relationship from which it is born.
Today there is undoubtedly a tragic social transformation of the meaning of sexuality: the loss of meaning (of relevance) of sexuality for my place as a person in front of another person. And of this it is used to give the fault generically to the cultural revolution of the 60s-70s (the fearsome sixty-eight), and its root in the authors of the Frankfurt school (11).
This simplistic vice of many Christian authors and preachers (and hierarchies) is linked to two fundamental authors for that era of passage: W. Reich and H. Marcuse.
W. Reich, with 'The sexual revolution' in the American edition of 1946 (12), adopts the principle that the full realization of the person is in orgasm (and will then come to read the whole cosmos as a great orgasm), thus distancing himself radically from his Marxist matrix and from the first editions (1929-32).
In this context, the sexual partner does not enter except as a tool for me: the very idea of relationship between people disappears except that as mutual convenience. And the book had ten reprints in Italy in ten years. Today, and only for a few years, to the classical phrase of 'doing to love' the new phrase 'having sex' takes over.
Just think of omnipresent sex in the various possible forms of communication, visual and auditory, public and private today: the purpose is - on principle - sexual stimulation; But the real purpose in the offerer is the profit deriving from the listening index and the purchase or the return of advertising; In the people involved it is often still profit, but a poor profit not disjointed by misery or desire for visibility, and always objectively enslavement.
H. Marcuse, on the other hand, faithful to the original Marxist inspiration, sees in the 'Production principle', dominant in the western civilization and superiorgo, the cause of the degeneration of eros (13). The other (generally the other) is seen as a production tool: in this case, since it is sexuality, it is better to speak, translating from the German (Leistung), of a 'performance principle' and the other as capable of performance.
But the marcusian criticism of this phenomenon resumes marx's original commitment for The liberation of the woman. eros And civilization is truly a very serious book, and for its times (1955) almost Prophetic, and says exactly the opposite of reich. it Is To be wondered if many christian censors have ever read the authors who criticize. i Remember that one day, in the 1960s, during a lunch a serious and cultured cardinal asked me submessically: "But who is this Marcuse?"
And here it is necessary to detect a singular phenomenon on which it would be necessary to reflect. Today, connected to sex, there is a massive return of the traditional idea of purity, parallel and inverse compared to it: a return welcomed and promoted in obsessive forms from the various media always for profit.
Think of the various beauty products, the true cult of body smells to be promoted or removed, to the slogan 'take care of you' promoted by a well-known home of female products, to the race towards plastic surgery, to the myriad of para-medical products against irritation, swelling, wrinkles; And think also of the 'Body-Building', the gyms, the masseuses or what else .. for man, alongside similar products, the physical prowess is dominant, linked to the idea of sexual power: many girls try or sigh of having relationships with axes of football or cycling or what else.
I believe it is a true liturgy-apostness of sex, or rather of sexual attraction even if not always completely aware, but which in any case has nothing to do with the interpersonal relationship (and in this sense, and only in this, it is in continuity with the past).
Start from the Council
It is therefore necessary, if we want to study the serious moral problems of our time, proceed in the light of the Gospel and human experience. In the Gospel we have very little, but that little is important. In Mt 19 there is the theme of marriage, and it is mentioned Gn 3 (and not GN 1: grow and multiply): the comment of Jesus is "so that there are no more two, but one flesh", and the conjunction is the work of God, like the formation of a new coexistence ("will leave the Father and the Mother") with an evident sexual value.
In 5 mt there is the condemnation of looking at a woman with impure eye: this is directed to the desire to desire the woman of others, but introduces the theme of the impure eye, that is, looking at a woman to want to be possession. The sexual attraction is morally good if aimed at a new and totally dedicated relationship of relationship: for this reason, repudiation, even if not motivated by other new loves, is the breakdown of a relationship that must be mutual and total gift.
This also appears in the Canticle, where sexual attraction is explicit, but it flows into an inextinguishable mutual dedication: "strong as death is love". Note how in all writing procreation is never the cause, primary or unique, justifying sexual intercourse: the relationship of total gift is always the relationship. A contrary argument, from Gen 1 or 1TM, would be rather funambolic.
Col Concilio, e solo col Concilio, l’esperienza umana maturata fra il XIX e il XX secolo, e che abbiamo sopra descritto, viene recepita da un documento magisteriale. Nel 1930/40 due autori tedeschi avevano proposto, come valore in sé e non subordinato alla procreazione, la Zweinigkeit – l’esser due in uno14. La proposta venne ufficialmente riprovata negli anni ’40 (15).
Ma ancora nel 1959, e cioè tre anni prima del Concilio, la Civiltà Cattolica pubblicava ben tre articoli roventi contro tale dottrina (16). Nel Codoice di diritto canonico (CJC) del 1917, e in vigore fino al 1983, viene ribadita la distinzione fra fine primario del matrimonio (procreatio prolis) e fine secondario (mutuum adiutorim).
Nella Costituzione Gaudium et spes (GS) invece tutto l’impianto del rapporto matrimonio-amore-sessualità-procreazione viene radicalmente riesaminato, proprio ed esplicitamente alla luce del Vangelo e dell’esperienza umana, e superando di slancio oltre un millennio di una logica e di regolamentazioni varie, sia religiose che culturali.
Ciò spiega la difficoltà di comprensione e di ricezione della dottrina conciliare, che però almeno in parte è dovuta alla superficialità della lettura del documento (o della non-lettura), e anche al timore di infrangere una tradizione ecclesiastica di regole e precetti, tradizione però solo umana: l’infallibilità (e quindi la perennità) del Magistero ‘tantum patet quantum divina revelatio’.
It cannot be said that the Church in the past has 'wrong': he said what was to be considered just in the framework of the philosophical and scientific knowledge and the human experience he had. Today, in the same perspective, a profound 'paradigm change' is needed. And, as was predictable, a real phobia of change was also born: this must not be surprised.
These are epochal phenomena that require centuries -old times of understanding and acceptance: think of the case of Galileo, formally rehabilitated only in recent times four centuries away; But also think of evolutionism, which after more than a century by Darwin is still debated in a thousand ways in the Christian area (17).
GS immediately recognizes the deep plagues that today put love and marriage to serious risk: polygamy, divorce, free love, and other deformations; But also within the marriage, selfishness, hedonism, improper use anti -procurement: 'Quibus omnibus conscientiae anguntur' (ibid).
But the profound social mutations today, despite all the difficulties that derive from it, 'Saepe Saepius Veram Eiusdem Institutes Indolem various ways manifest' (ibid). And immediately GS gives a definition of marriage as' intimate Communio vitae et amoris conjugalis', and this community must be born from an intimate one, Utpoteus Mutua Duarum personarum donatio '.
Here it clearly appears what I called 'paradigm change': in the center of the entire discussion of GS always appears, and repeatedly, the mutual personarum donatio, the specific and joint interpersonal relationship that:
1 - Abolishes every superiority or power of the man compared to the woman: aequali etiam dignitate personal cum mulieris tum viri agnosse in mutual atque plena dilection;
2 - It gives a new sense and dignity to sexual intercourse: the acts of the conjugio Honesti AC dignity sunt et, a true Humano ExaCiti, Donotionem Mutuam significant et fovent: thus sexuality has its own and specific purposes, independent of principle from the procreative purpose. Amor IMMUMA FIDE RATUS, Et Potissimum Sacramento Christi Sanctus, Inter prosperous and adverse body ac mind indissolubleter Fidelis est (ibid).
Note the important task that looms on the spouses animated by this authentic marital love: they must do their part for the formation of a healthy public opinion, not only with the harmony and loyalty in love and with the education of the children, but also - and this is completely new - "in necessary cultural renovation, psychological and social in favor marriages et familiae" (ibid. Cultural, psychological and social renewal I am here trying to offer a possible and coherent face).
To the couple thus constituted as a relationship of total and mutual gift, as Communitas Vitae et Amoris, God has entrusted the task of procreating, but not only that: "Ipsa Indoles Foederis Inter Personas Atque Bonum prolis exigunt ut mutuus etiam conjugum amor recto order Exhibatur, Proficiat et Maturescat".
In the task of procreating the spouses, they must feel like cooperators with the work of the Creator, "Eiusque Veluti Interprets". The decision to procreate therefore belongs to the free and generous will of the spouses.
In fact, serious and collective reasons can impose themselves, so the procreation may not correspond to the love of God creator: and GS enumera the fundamental reasons for which it may be convenient or duty not to procreate.
But this must not be resolved in abstention from sexual intercourse: "Ubi autem intimate life conjuugalis Abbumpitur, bonum fidei not rare in vocaric discrimens et bonum prolis (the one already born) pessumdari power".
And shortly after that he is reiterated with an extreme statement: "Indoles True sexualis hominis necnon humana generandi facultas mirabiliter exsuperrant and quae in inferioribus vitae gradibus habentur; proinde ipsi actus vitae conjugalis properi, secundum germanam dignitatem humanam ordered, magna observantia reverendi sunt ".
Note how with this simple phrase - Mirabiliter Exsuperant - the entire ultra -mialler system of Christian sexual morality goes into crisis. This system, which we already know well, was based on the only specific raison d'etre of sexual intercourse, typical for the whole animal kingdom to which the human being belongs, which is that of reproduction.
Every single act that tended to avoid reproduction was considered 'contra' marito '. The relevance of the relationship between 'people' was unknown. (And the term of 'person' itself simply indicated a single human being more than - as for over a century - the unrepeatable complexity of his psychophysical identity: and precisely in this sense today we rightly speak of 'dignity of the person'.).
Hence a sexual morality made of prescriptions or prohibitions of individual acts or behaviors. The GS marks a truly epochal fracture here: the sexual intercourse (in marriage) Mirabiliter Exsuperant what happens in the animal kingdom, and the dignity of the human person means that they Magna Observantia Reverendi Sunt.
The encyclical Humanae Vitae well expresses, and also enriches, the theme of the GS, but in indicating the conditions of lawfulness of the ways of preventing procreation falls into the old logic: the act is judged in its pure physicality.
The use of infonctive times consists in doing nothing that can hinder procreation, and for this reason it is said 'natural method'. But do you think, by way of example, of the very serious problem of the AIDS (HIV): how to avoid contagion, or avoid transmitting it to children, if not completely renouncing any relationship, against the dictate already remembered by GS?
In these and other similar cases, purely physical (animal) naturalness clashes with, and contradicts, the human naturalness of the interpersonal relationship. Moreover, it is known that Pope Paul VI, by his own declaration, in the face of two opposing texts of the Commission on contraceptive methods, chose the minority one not without great anguish and hesitation: and the encyclical was officially presented, if I remember well, on the Roman observer as not infallible (18).
Many new problems remain open: there is a lot to reflect, to discuss and propose, once the absolute physical-naturalistic principle has fallen and the idea of person with its expressive ability incorporating sexuality (19.)
Think of the assessment of premarital relationships, some situations of true homosexuality (the 'homosexual person'), to sexuality in seriously undermined people on the physical level so as to be unable to complete sexual relations and marriage union, to the sexuality of very young not yet able to conceive themselves as 'people'.
I consider, after more than forty years of study but also of continuous parish experience and interviews with young people, who today is witnessed to a double and symmetrical Christian stiffening is 'pagan': of opposite sign but with a single base that I would say individualistic.
The 'moral' problem, in the generic sense of life choices, in the area of sexuality is read on one side and on the other as a problem of individual personal behaviors, in which attention to the person of the other has little or null.
- In the Christian area the theme is the lawful/illicit behavior, on the basis of abstract patterns of over a millennium old, born and developed up to the present day without any (or scarce) attention to love as a mutual gift, as a deep interpersonal relationship that finds its expression in sexual intercourse.
Sex is the problem of the individual, and is solved in practice in a series of prohibitions; This generally also happens within the wedding preparation courses, and this sometimes also happens in official proofs against authors who seek - in the framework traced by the GS - to study the problem more deeply.
-In the mentality instead dominant today in the western area there is a similar and reverse process. Sex is always a problem of the single, male or female that it is. The individual always aims to celebrate or satisfy himself even in the sexual field, as in the economic or in the prevalence field on others. We therefore try to have sex without any concern for a deep and vital relationship for the partner, consensual or paid for it. The ultimate sense of the 'party', between a few or between multitudes, is almost always this.
It is essentially the logic of Reich (but not Marcuse at all). And note that today this applies equally for men as for women. Briefly said, you look for sex and not love. And the whole world of mass communication (and internet) is based on this as an essential profit of profit, both in films and in promotions (réclames), accentuating and promoting this mentality (20).
The Christian moral announcement must bravely face sexual morality with a new spirit. Perhaps we - theologians, shepherds, and also magisterium - we have too much and often exclusively torn our hand on sexual behavior instead of on the central idea of relationship life, which should be, according to the Gospel, the heart of all Christian moral exhortation in every field, and primarily in the explicitly sexual relationship.
Perhaps only in this context, today, individual precepts in sexual matters can make sense and welcome in our young people (and less young), overwhelmed by a prevailing individualism-health. It is necessary to regain the profound meaning of the importance of the other for me, for my life choices.
Much study and prayer and a lot of pastoral attention await both the poor moralists and the shepherds at every level.
Florence, on December 16, 2008.
* Enrico ChiavacciHe is parish priest in Florence and professor of moral theology at the theological faculty of central Italy.
His contributions seek links between fundamental morality and social morality and declare his commitment, in active collaboration within Pax Christi, on the issues of peace and on human rights. His research was decisive to give shape to a theology of peace.
He has been president of the Italian Association of Moralist Theologians, has numerous theological publications to his credit and is considered one of the main Italian moralists. His relevant essays have appeared in recent years in the Rocca magazine.
Among his works we mention: Moral theology, Citadel, Assisi; Moral proposals between the ancient and the New, Cittadella, Assisi 1973; from domination to Peace, Meridiana, Molfetta 1993; invitation to moral Theology, Queriniana, Brescia 1995; (with Massimo Livi Bacci) ethics and Reproduction, Le Lettere, Florence 1995; short lessons of social Ethics, Cittadella, Assisi 1999; short bioethics, cittadella, Assisi 2000 Lessons.
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1
2 Ibid, n.xviii, the man who joins the woman in times considered then (and erroneously) infoncdi, 'not Jam Uxorem, Sed Meretricem Foeminam Facet'.
3. PL 145, 159-190. A short presentation of the text in E.Chiavacci, homosexuality and Christian morality: look for again, in Vivens Homo, July-December 2000, 439-441.
4 But all the study of the Americht is worthy of great attention.
5. Serious impurities was menstrual blood. and It is still: this must be kept secret and unnameable. it Is not said that the woman has menstruation, but modestically "has Her things" or the like. note Ez 36: The CEI translates "the impurities Of the woman in her time". The english translation (Standard auded version) is "Uncleanness of a woman in her impurity": here the already noted conceptual connection between purity/purity and cleanliness appears.
Today the drama of the 'undicability' of the woman (also towards herself) is studied in the specificities of organs and functions: the scholar of literature Benoite Groult noticed him in the 1980s, with the novel 'Les Vaiseseaux du Coeur', Paris, Grasset 1987; But several writers have faced this drama in recent years in sometimes apparently pornographic forms, but in reality full of suffering (for an overview: Theresia Heimerl, 'der Skandal des Körpers', in Herder Korraspondenz 11/2008, 562-566). The body as 'scandal' on which to keep silent should not interest theology, given that God created man and woman in his own image?
6. Wide documentation on the various synodes of the period between the 4th and 11th centuries, all agreed in this discipline, in Uta Ranke-Heinemann, Eunuchi for the Kingdom of Heaven, Milan, Rizzoli 1990 (Tedesco origin 1988).
7
8 The same applies to the meeting with Brunetto Latini, at song XV, guilty of homosexuality. For this sin Dante cannot put him in his time (and also to ours!) That in hell, but treats him with great affection and devotion: "The dear and good paternal image".
9 The best analysis of this problem in R. Ammicht Quinn, cit., 164-180 (Bibl.).
10
11
12. W. Reich, The sexual revolution, Feltrinelli, Milan 19706 (six reprints in seven years). Orig. USA 1945.
13
14 B. Krempel, Die Zweckfrage der Ehe in Neuer Bedeutung (Lebensvereinigung), Benziger, Einsiedeln 1941.
15. S. Office Decree 1 april 1944.
16 ID, the traditional doctrine on the hierarchy of marriage purposes, ibid. 1959 V.III, 378-392. ID, theoretical discussion on the hierarchy of marriage purposes, ibid. 1959 V.IV, 138-152.
17 Thinking about creation: freedom of science and dignity of believing, in 'review of theology', n.3 2008, 383-420.
18. See 'The drama of consciousness of Paolo VI' in G. De Rosa, forty years after Humanae Vitae, Catholic civilization, 4 October 2008 (3799), 65-68. For the documents produced by the Commission, see texts and history in JM Paupert, birth control and theology: the dossier of Rome, Queriniana, Brescia 1967.
19. See a very recent Quaestio Played on the relationships between nature and sexuality, which Appeared In theological Studies, september 2008 V.4, N.3, 641-680: P.lee-RPGORGE, wHAT Male And Female Complementarity Makes possible: Marriage As Two-in one-Flesh union, and the Replica Of Tasalzman-Mglawler, Truly Human Sexual Acts. There many references and bibl. little known by us, and worthy of attention.
20. The total separation of sex from the interpersonal relationship (love) has always been, socially acceptable, for the male (prostitution as 'the oldest profession in the world'). And there was also for the woman, necessary for the needs of the male but not socially accepted (prostitutes, maintained, or other expressions of social contempt).
But today the phenomenon of this separation is almost normality, and it grows quickly: today it is usually said to have 'sex' instead of 'doing the love', equally for the two sexes, while it remains - almost parallel - the phenomenon of prostitution for money (or for misery). This new mentality is documented (and promoted?) By the use of television use 'Sex and the City' visible in Italy on the La 7 channel, and today also in CD (not pornographic and highly educational series); In it, a pregnancy can also be accepted, but the child concerns the woman: the man is absolutely irrelevant. I just mention these reflections in the note, because they would deserve another very complex study on a rapidly evolving reality on a planetary level.

